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Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…intraluminal mass and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features…

Primary Aldosteronism: Screening and Management

…transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues. This distribution helps explain why PA produces…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse…

Peripheral Artery Disease: Diagnosis, Ankle–Brachial Index and Risk Management

…of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have concomitant coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and…

Smoking Cessation: Pharmacotherapy and Cardiovascular Benefit

…Cessation also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…The magnitude of untreated LDL C elevation. The presence and age of onset of premature CAD or other vascular disease. A history of myocardial infarction…

Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment

…electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…infarction; extensive vascular calcification; female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy and technically difficult PCI…

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