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The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis. Type 1 myocardial infarction Definition and pathophysiology Type 1 MI results from acute…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of…

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Definition, Types, Diagnostics & Treatment

…not distinguish different types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Other causes of ventricular dilation ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy) must be excluded before establishing a diagnosis of DCM…

Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment

…re entry or triggered activity. All types of myocardial cells may be engaged in initiation and maintenance of this arrhythmia. As mentioned above VT causes…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and…

ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses

…opposite angle of observation. Other vectors may interfere with the injury currents, and inhibit them from being detected by leads with opposite angles of observation…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…adenosine binds to four types of receptors. Binding to A2A receptors induces coronary vasodilation, whereas binding to the A1, A2B, and A3 receptors is responsible…

Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia

…in terms of pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment. The types of sinus tachycardia are as follows: Normal (physiologic) sinus tachycardia: The automaticity (rate of spontaneous depolarization…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate from the tunica media into the intima, driven by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other cytokines. Within the intima…

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