ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes…

…myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In up to one half of STEMI cases, a precipitating factor such as vigorous physical exercise, emotional stress, or…

…between myocardial oxygen demand and blood supply, generally during exertion, emotional stress, or another stressor. Manifestations include angina, other chest discomfort, dyspnoea, or no symptoms…

…syndromes, which may present with recent changes in symptoms or signs, with or without ECG abnormalities and with or without an elevation in cardiac troponin…

…2. Assess the neurological symptoms and at the same time exclude other acute causes, for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke, meningitis and a postictal state. 3…

…is associated with a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening…

…hypothermia, and hyperkalemia. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The clinical manifestation of bradycardia depends on the adequacy of cardiac output. Isolated sinus bradycardia that is unaccompanied…

…threatening tachyarrhythmias. Evaluation and Physical Examination Physical examination of a patient on digoxin therapy should focus on identifying signs of heart failure decompensation, which may…

…Symptom burden and functional limitation Evidence of heart failure Haemodynamic stability Diabetes status Renal dysfunction and other important comorbidities Frailty Liver cirrhosis Cognitive function and…

…itself. It may cause symptoms and impaired quality of life, contribute to heart failure, and increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical…