…PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the…

…Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP…

…and functional limitation Evidence of heart failure Haemodynamic stability Diabetes status Renal dysfunction and other important comorbidities Frailty Liver cirrhosis Cognitive function and life expectancy…

…significant anemia, important electrolyte imbalance, and hyperthyroidism Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia, or severe…

…cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy, LV dysfunction, or other pathology that could affect the safety or interpretation of the examination. Evaluation and Physical Examination Before stress echocardiography, clinical…

…When present, the clinical picture may include: Symptoms attributable to chronic LV systolic dysfunction and HF Angina, although its absence does not exclude ischemic cardiomyopathy…

…from a previous value of at least 50%. A patient with persistently mildly reduced systolic function. This dynamic nature makes prior imaging particularly important when…

…Currently, two dimensional (2D) echocardiography for calculation of ejection fraction is the dominant method for assessing left ventricular function (systolic function). It should be noted…

…and excess cardiovascular risk. The European definition requires failure to reduce office systolic and diastolic blood pressure to below 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively…

…of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied by impaired left ventricular systolic function. It should be noted that…