…Currently, two dimensional (2D) echocardiography for calculation of ejection fraction is the dominant method for assessing left ventricular function (systolic function). It should be noted…

…women than men after approximately 65 years of age. Hypertension related left ventricular hypertrophy, concentric remodelling, reduced longitudinal strain and heart failure with preserved ejection…

…mm (≥ 1.0 mm in men < 30 years) Other thresholds Sinus bradycardia: < 50/min. A rate < 40 while awake should be investigated…

…favorable prognosis, as compared with other forms of ventricular tachycardia. Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia (VT) may emerge due to increased/abnormal automaticity, re…

…ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes…

…Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood…

…Dosage: Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment with Ticagrelor should start with a loading dose of 180 mg (two 90 mg tablets) followed by 90 mg twice…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…189 mg/dL, 10 year risk of a first hard ASCVD event—fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke—should be estimated. The risk categories…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…