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The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis. Type 1 myocardial infarction…

Familial and Genetic Screening in Premature Cardiovascular Disease

…Incomplete penetrance of a variant inherited from a parent. A de novo variant. Less commonly, autosomal recessive inheritance. X linked or other non autosomal dominant…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…be blocked. The degree of blocking in the atrioventricular node is specified by counting the number of flutter waves preceding each QRS complex. If 3…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…cardiomyocyte necrosis occurring in the clinical setting of acute myocardial ischaemia and is diagnosed according to the fourth universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…conduction may be blocked in unusual accessory pathways that possess long conduction times or decremental conduction properties. Furthermore, adenosine binds to four types of receptors…

Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction

…V5 is absent. It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…in women. Dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and obesity become increasingly prevalent after the menopausal transition. Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of…

Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Management

…smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis. In CKD…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly…

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