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The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis. Type 1 myocardial infarction Definition and pathophysiology Type 1 MI results from acute…

Familial and Genetic Screening in Premature Cardiovascular Disease

…X linked or other non autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…adenosine binds to four types of receptors. Binding to A2A receptors induces coronary vasodilation, whereas binding to the A1, A2B, and A3 receptors is responsible…

Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction

…type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of…

Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Management

…is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N terminal pro BNP (NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial wall stress…

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