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Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension. The initial clinical assessment should establish:…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage depend on integration of symptoms, vital signs, the ECG, and serial cardiac troponin measurements. Evaluation and physical examin

Atropine: Dosing in Bradycardia and Its Limitations

…50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after an acute infarction—patients may develop hypotension and signs of end organ hypoperfusion…

Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…plasma renin levels, and potentially aldosterone levels. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or…

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularisation Strategy

…The clinical evaluation includes: Symptom burden and functional limitation Evidence of heart failure Haemodynamic stability Diabetes status Renal dysfunction and other important comorbidities Frailty Liver…

Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…however, and an abnormal result is not specific to delirium. Symptoms are often worse in the evening and at night, but diurnal variation is not…

ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (disorder)

…disease and digoxin intoxication may also cause hyperkalemia. ECG in mild hyperkalemia (potassium 6,0 mmol/L) The earliest sign of hyperkalemia is the pointed…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…although the available material does not establish a significant increase in late morbidity or mortality attributable to these events. Clinical presentation and symptoms Most patients…

Acute coronary syndrome: quick reference for loading doses and time targets

…STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based on symptoms, the ECG and…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

…changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period the…

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