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Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…Radial access has also been associated with lower overall major adverse cardiac events and mortality in pooled analyses of randomized trials. Femoral access remains appropri

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of…

Atropine: Dosing in Bradycardia and Its Limitations

…true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface electrocardiogram, sinus bradycardia may appear at rates of 40 to 48 beats per…

ECG Criteria for STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction)

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Lathundar ECG Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial ischaemia without demonstrable acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

…biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for myocardial injury. Elevated levels of cardiac troponins is firm evidence of myocardial necrosis (i.e infarction…

Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - Advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS)

…if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…tachyarrhythmia at 150 beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other…

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