…than a more distal lesion. Revascularisation improves myocardial blood flow and angina related health status but does not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore…

…heart failure and one in five for stroke. Sex and gender are distinct but interacting determinants of cardiovascular health. Sex refers principally to biological characteristics…

…conventional cardiovascular risk factors: Age Sex Smoking status Systolic BP Cholesterol values Risk estimation uses the appropriate sex specific and smoking specific table or calculator…

…most intractable challenges in clinical cardiology. Hundreds of thousands of arrhythmic deaths occur annually in the United States alone, yet no reliable model currently exists…

…be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic…

…pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have health implications…

…syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other disorders that may…

…ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period…

…of the nine parameters listed above. Many of the diagnoses mentioned below are discussed in detail in other chapters, to which links are provided throughout…

…used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich…