…Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis and can also be seen…

…Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational…

…and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…the physiological significance of selected stenoses using fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other invasive techniques can quantify coronary flow reserve…

…Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A proximal…

…is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have health implications…

…examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines (see links below)…