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Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…injury. Myocardial injury Myocardial injury is defined by at least one cardiac troponin (cTn) concentration above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL)…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate…

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment with SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP

…HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic, rare lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute…

Familial and Genetic Screening in Premature Cardiovascular Disease

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may…

Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management

…of Brugada syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other disorders…

Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview

…Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic…

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