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Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult to discern…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an…

Acute coronary syndrome: quick reference for loading doses and time targets

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea Fertility therapy and assisted reproductive technology The extent to which these conditions confer risk independently of conventional factors…

Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview

…indicative of a noncardiac source [4]. 3. Pneumonia with Pleurisy Pain Characteristics: Pleuritic pain is a common presentation [2]. 4. Other Systemic/Local Causes Conditions…

Interpretation of myocardial perfusion images (Myocardial SPECT / PET)

…potentially indicating microvascular dysfunction or other pathologies. The software allows for detailed regional analysis of myocardial perfusion, highlighting specific segments of the left ventricle that…

Familial and Genetic Screening in Premature Cardiovascular Disease

…conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of…

Principles and Preparations for Echocardiographic Examinations

…examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines (see links below)…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…Loss of function variants in the LDL receptor gene, LDLR, which account for most cases. Variants in APOB that impair apolipoprotein B binding to the…

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