…small vessels, multivessel disease, bifurcation lesions, treatment of acute myocardial infarction Procedural and mechanical Stent underexpansion, incomplete wall apposition, residual inflow or outflow disease, edge…

…beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2…

…reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of…

…type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and…

…evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac biomarkers, imaging, angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia…

…and syncope may also occur [5]. Non Cardiac Causes Several non cardiac conditions can present with chest pain that requires careful differentiation from ischemic heart…

…and the underlying cause must be investigated. Pain, infections, medications, fever, hypovolemia, dehydration, anemia, hyperthyroidism and myocarditis are common etiologies. Treatment of the underlying cause…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

…Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac, cerebrovascular, or renal disease The possibility of a secondary cause…

…the volume, echogenicity and location of the effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be general (circumferential) or localized to a specific area. The effusion…