…to 12 months. Use with caution in patients at risk for bradycardia (slow heart rate). Central sleep apnea, including Cheyne Stokes respiration, has been reported…

…smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre…

…or diuretic induced hypokalaemia Hypertension with an adrenal incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the absence of an underlying structural…

…the investigation, not the end. In a frail older patient an apparently small insult — sleep deprivation, urinary retention or a new sedative drug, for example…

…the intensity of reflected sound waves. Structures with high echogenicity will reflect more ultrasound and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…limb lead II. Normal (physiological) causes of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia (SB) is considered a normal finding in the following circumstances: During sleep . Well trained…

…alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the…

…is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial…

…the sinoatrial node) is a common finding in athletes and during sleep; in these scenarios, it should not be considered abnormal. On the other hand…