…cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular venous distention. Other frequent symptoms are pulsus paradoxus, pericardial friction…

…or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less common presentations…

…patients with recent changes in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac troponin…

…in relation to the amount of dissolved cations [3]. The first five minutes 1. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 2. Assess the neurological symptoms and…

…Speech Full sentences Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak Position and behaviour Can lie down or sit Often…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive…

…Ask specifically about: Neurological symptoms: confusion, visual loss, focal neurological signs, seizures, severe or sudden headache. Chest pain, back pain, dyspnoea, orthopnoea and new sweating…

…Diagnostic phenotype Criterion HFmrEF Symptoms and/or signs of heart failure Required LVEF 41–49% Natriuretic peptides BNP ≥35 pg/mL or NT proBNP ≥125…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes…