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Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac, cerebrovascular, or renal disease The possibility of a secondary…

Antiplatelet Therapy in Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction

…pathophysiological basis Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI) encompasses long term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction, ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic…

🟠 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

…Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity…

Aspirin in Primary Prevention: Current Recommendations

…pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…Non HDL C and apoB are secondary targets or risk refining measures, particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance…

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease

…arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous…

Primary Aldosteronism: Screening and Management

…potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)…

Resistant Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

…is associated with a higher likelihood of secondary hypertension and with substantially greater cardiovascular risk than hypertension controlled with treatment. Reported risks of myocardial infarction…

Smoking Cessation: Pharmacotherapy and Cardiovascular Benefit

…and cardiovascular rationale Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products…

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularisation Strategy

…Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A proximal…

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