…on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of…

Echocardiography Echocardiography in 2D Two dimensional (2D) ultrasound is the most commonly used modality in echocardiography. The two dimensions presented are width (x axis) and…

…ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…modality for detecting neoatherosclerosis, although its resolution does not consistently permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other…

…hypercoagulability, prior brachytherapy Antiplatelet therapy Nonadherence or discontinuation of clopidogrel or DAPT, reduced clopidogrel bioavailability, hyporesponsiveness or resistance to aspirin or clopidogrel Anatomic Long lesions…

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is a clinical syndrome defined by the combination of symptoms and/or signs…

…of upper abdominal pain. An ECG recording costs approximately $10 (10€) and may reduce morbidity and mortality substantially in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Importantly…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…