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The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively…

Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…categorized under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies. Cause Definition Medical cause Includes cardiac arrest caused by heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…combined with patient denial, often leads to a mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection…

Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview

…or nitroglycerin, and by exacerbation with deep inspiration or movement [5]. 4. Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Pain Characteristics: While dyspnea is the cardinal symptom, chest pain…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation…

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