…jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal…

…pressure, and discomfort in the chest, arms, neck, jaw, upper back, and abdomen, as well as dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider…

…is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…environmental factors and genetic background. Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only…

…table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above…

…Less common sites of radiation include the abdomen, back, lower jaw, and neck. The pain may radiate as high as the occipital area but does…

…Jaw thrust is preferred if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other…

…relieving characteristics of angina; many patients report less characteristic symptoms, while others present primarily with exertional dyspnoea. Symptoms should be characterized systematically, including: Onset and…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…