…endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection with or without intramural haematoma. Spontaneous coronary…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…Capillary refill is delayed, and venous filling may be reduced. Other possible findings include muscle stiffening and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Pulses are absent…

…muscle cells, leading to a white, platelet rich thrombus. Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of…

…smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues. This distribution helps explain why PA produces cardiovascular injury beyond its effects on blood pressure and…

…C based eGFR With an atypical muscle mass, or to confirm a creatinine based value The mean of creatinine and cystatin C The most reliable…

…complex fibroatheroma. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate from the tunica media into the intima, driven by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other cytokines. Within…

…myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cTn with at least one value above the 99th percentile URL; and Clinical evidence of…