…coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Stress echocardiography is a functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to…

…biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional capacity, orthostatic symptoms, and treatment burden. Although older adults are often defined chronologically, age thresholds are intrinsically arbitrary…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…epicardial lesion rather than its anatomical appearance alone. Coronary angiography provides only an imperfect estimate of functional severity. Angiographic interpretation is affected by interobserver variability…

…Cigarette smoking is a prominent association, whereas other conventional coronary risk factors may be absent. The condition is more prevalent in Japan and South Korea…

…recurrent symptoms, myocardial infarction, or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular…

…the physiological significance of selected stenoses using fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other invasive techniques can quantify coronary flow reserve…

…Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A proximal…

…also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should include functional status and walking capacity…