…include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure…

…insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational diabetes Small for gestational age delivery Placental abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea…

…contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction…

…measurements permit assessment of the physiological significance of selected stenoses using fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other invasive techniques can…

…Coronary vasomotor disorders may involve epicardial spasm or abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation. Microvascular angina reflects myocardial ischaemia caused by structural or functional microvascular abnormalities…

…Identification of PAD also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should include functional status…

…Skipping a step is a common reason why mixed acid base disorders are missed. The blood gas describes the physiology at the moment of sampling…

…Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation…

…favorable prognosis, as compared with other forms of ventricular tachycardia. Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia (VT) may emerge due to increased/abnormal automaticity, re…

…of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of…

…an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic…

…association with other procedural complications, including distal embolization, coronary dissection, perforation, and abrupt closure. The clinical consequences depend heavily on the amount of viable myocardium…

…4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not…

…coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise or pharmacological stress. The physiological basis is an…

…people with substantial functional impairment, multimorbidity, or limited life expectancy. Available randomized evidence has not demonstrated that frailty weakens the cardiovascular benefits of blood pressure…

…anticoagulation, renal function, age, comorbidity, and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary angiography occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious…

…infarction Definition and pathophysiology Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary…

…of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function…

…of intervention depend on the clinical setting, haemodynamic status, coronary anatomy, comorbidities, procedural complexity, age, frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic therapy. Anatomical and functional…

…Coexisting multivessel disease The extent of jeopardized myocardium Left ventricular systolic function Diabetes and other comorbidities Anatomical complexity and completeness of possible revascularization A proximal…

…inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only by the epicardial obstruction but also by the vulnerability of the…

…fascicular block, the myocardium without fascicular supply will depend on impulses spreading from other parts of the ventricle (where the fascicle is intact). Figure 1…

…in stroke Functional impact A low NIHSS does not exclude a disabling deficit, for example aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working…

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

…chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical presentations arising from structural or functional abnormalities of the coronary arteries or coronary microcirculation…

…Coronary compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible ischaemia. The functional impact depends on the bridge’s thickness…

…ventricular function, and, in selected circumstances, myocardial viability. Both techniques rely on intravenous radiopharmaceuticals that are taken up by myocardial tissue. The distribution of retained…

…Baseline) : Reflects inhaled air devoid of CO 2 . Phase II (Rapid Expiration) : Represents the transition of air from anatomical dead space to functional alveolar space…

…to Evaluation of coronary artery disease and angina pectoris). Yet, exercise stress testing provides a fundamental parameter that cannot be obtained by other imaging methods…

…and venous filling may be reduced. Other possible findings include muscle stiffening and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Pulses are absent distal to the obstruction…

…Pathophysiology Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the epicardial coronary arteries and/or the coronary…

…prognosis. Pathophysiology The defining physiological abnormality is heart failure occurring with mildly impaired LV systolic function. The syndrome remains fundamentally one of impaired cardiac performance…

…This functional definition encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction…

…Mitral annulus velocity correlates well with ejection fraction, stroke volume and is thus a measure of systolic function. Strain and strain rate Myocardium deforms during…

…with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance. Synthetic function and prognosis…

…to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of the ventricle may result in a different QRS morphology. If the lead tip is…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…for interpreting platelet function tests for HIT. Other cosiderations Based on a relationship observed in the PLATO study between the maintenance dose of ASA and…

…may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to…

…and other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast…

…ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator or institutional experience Assessment of…

…thrombolysis regimens, renal function thresholds and the division of work between the ambulance service, the emergency department and the PCI laboratory may differ between Swedish…

…kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine value alone but by the course, urine…

…renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…not distinguish different types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Other causes of ventricular dilation ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy) must be excluded before establishing a diagnosis of DCM…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

…structure and function. Ultrasound imaging, including echocardiography, has become a standard tool for clinicians worldwide (Narula et al). This chapter discusses the principles of the…

…Use of synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock synchronized to the QRS complex). Typically used to treat atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other tachyarrhythmias…

…the bleeding risk of the procedure and by renal function. In markedly reduced renal function (dabigatran at eGFR <30 mL/min, the other DOACs at…

…start of dialysis < 0.3 mL/kg/h for ≥ 24 h, or anuria ≥ 12 h Other kidney related values The fractional excretion of sodium…

…6% High risk 5 or more 5.8% Interpretation of ATRIA risk score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist…

…Components of the HAS BLED Score The HAS BLED score is an acronym that stands for: H ypertension A bnormal renal/liver function S troke…

…3 Interpretation of HEMORR₂HAGES score. Comparison with ATRIA and HAS BLED Scores Several studies have compared the predictive performance of HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk…

…of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil, fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes; unsaturated fatty acids and other…

…other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's dependence on pacing, the presence of…

…diuretic for kidney function; Excess dietary sodium and volume overload; Concomitant drugs or conditions that increase blood pressure; or An undiagnosed secondary cause of hypertension…

…from other branches of the same coronary artery or another coronary artery, will alleviate the ischemia, improve myocardial function and increase resistance to episodes of…

…generally performed in order to evaluate ventricular function, since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g…

…pacemaker (or other ectopic focus) are referred to as an escape rhythm. In most cases, the escape rhythm originates in either of the following three…