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Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…thrombotic milieu composed of extracellular cholesterol crystals, apoptotic and necrotic macrophage debris, and abundant tissue factor [9] . The transition from a stable plaque to a…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. In many cases, the initiating process is plaque disruption with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism…

Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptoms

…are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow…

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and ECG Criteria

…plaque morphology and location, comorbidities, environmental factors and genetic background. Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic…

Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…precipitated by exertion, emotional stress, or another form of physiological stress, but it may also occur at rest or remain clinically silent. The underlying coronary…

Adenosine for tachyarrhythmias (AVNRT, AVRT, NCT)

…which includes forms that are caused by pre excitation. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Contraindications Asthma and COPD. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma…

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