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Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

Hypertensive crisis: quick reference for acute blood pressure lowering

…ways. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause a hypertensive crisis through interactions, while venlafaxine and higher doses of bupropion, among others, can raise the blood pressure…

Pediatric aspects of ECG leads & anatomy

…a parent or other personnel. Distracting the child during ECG recording may be recommended to reduce muscle disturbances. To further reduce muscle disturbances it can…

Overview of the ECG Waves, Deflections, Intervals, Durations

…complexes indicate that ventricular depolarization is slow, which may be a consequence of disturbances in the electrical conduction system. The J point and the ST…

Atropine: Dosing in Bradycardia and Its Limitations

…true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface electrocardiogram, sinus bradycardia may appear at rates of 40 to 48 beats per…

Cardiac arrest due to electrolyte imbalance

…and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia, although capable of causing cardiac arrest, is an…

Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (defect)

…with nonspecific intraventricular conduction delays are at twice as great a risk of all cause death and cardiovascular death, compared to patients without such disturbances…

Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…90 percent of withdrawal seizures occur within 48 hours. Seizures later than this, focal seizures or status epilepticus should raise strong suspicion of another or…

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