…conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women from young adulthood, resulting in a greater lifetime burden of hypertension…

…and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction. Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte…

…cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory cell…

…electrical events in one chamber is sensed by the lead in the other chamber, resulting in inappropriate inhibition of the pacemaker in the latter chamber…

…also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should include functional status and walking capacity…

…together with the clinical picture, medication, fluid balance, renal function, electrolytes and supplemental oxygen [1]. Distinguish between: Acidaemia and alkalaemia , which describe the current pH…

…result from: Incomplete penetrance of a variant inherited from a parent. A de novo variant. Less commonly, autosomal recessive inheritance. X linked or other non…

…hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression…

…heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive…

…ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate…