…Interpret the blood gas in the same order every time. Skipping a step is a common reason why mixed acid base disorders are missed. The…

…Definition and scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition…

…the patient or family Hypertensive first degree relatives of patients with PA Patients with hypokalaemia may develop weakness, muscle cramps or, in severe cases, periodic…

…Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders…

…Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate objective…

…should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or referred hypertension, with particular vigilance when the clinical history includes hypokalaemia. Endocrine disorders account for…

…the haemodynamic significance of lesions whose angiographic severity is uncertain. Supporting decisions regarding revascularization and, in selected patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders. The…

…such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish…

…5. Failure to capture during the refractory period. Figure 6. Tachyarrhythmia with ventricular pacing. Failure to capture Definition : pacing does not result in myocardial activation…

…coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization. Electrolyte disorders…