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Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade

…right ventricular free wall is being compressed by the fluid. Video source.gif). ECG changes caused by pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Small amounts of…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate objective…

Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrest

…dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization. Electrolyte disorders, acidosis, hypoxemia and ischemia all aggravate the risk of developing ventricular fibrillation, in any…

Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment

…electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management

…line with the disorder. There are however other disorders that may bring about similar ECG changes, and these are as follows: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia…

Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview

…suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…least one of the following: Symptoms of myocardial ischaemia. New ischaemic ECG changes. New pathological Q waves. Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines…

Blood gas interpretation: quick reference for acid-base disorders

…A compensated simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…depression). As mentioned above there are numerous other conditions that affect the ST T segment and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate these…

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