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Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…at least one of the following: Symptoms of myocardial ischaemia. New ischaemic ECG changes. New pathological Q waves. Imaging evidence of new loss of viable…

Familial and Genetic Screening in Premature Cardiovascular Disease

…from: Incomplete penetrance of a variant inherited from a parent. A de novo variant. Less commonly, autosomal recessive inheritance. X linked or other non autosomal…

Primary Aldosteronism: Screening and Management

…producing adrenal carcinoma Less commonly, ectopic aldosterone production Familial forms include familial hyperaldosteronism type 1, formerly termed glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism, and other familial forms associated…

🟠 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

…acetylsalicylic acid at the first sign of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational diabetes Small for gestational age delivery Placental…

Ectopic atrial rhythm (EAT), atrial tachycardia (AT) & multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)

…Less frequently, it may also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…Assessing the haemodynamic significance of lesions whose angiographic severity is uncertain. Supporting decisions regarding revascularization and, in selected patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…of painless or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less…

Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries: Causes, Work-up and Management

…tomography (OCT) can reveal lesions that are not apparent on conventional angiography. Coronary vasomotor disorders may involve epicardial spasm or abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation…

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