…the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below…

…Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders…

…selected stenoses using fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other invasive techniques can quantify coronary flow reserve (CFR), assess microvascular resistance…

…sarcolemma. These changes may appear within 10–15 minutes of ischaemia. Mitochondrial abnormalities can occur even earlier after coronary occlusion and progress over time. Experimentally…

…be addressed in a separate chapter. The following arrhythmias are discussed in this chapter: Ventricular rhythm Accelerated ventricular rhythm , which is also called idioventricular rhythm…

…line with the disorder. There are however other disorders that may bring about similar ECG changes, and these are as follows: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia…

…measure ST segment deviation. The following must be noted regarding the ST segment: The normal ST segment is flat and isoelectric. The transition from ST…

…abnormal amount of fluid in the pericardial space. It can be caused by numerous local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space…

…rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body…

…and herpes zoster pain are other considerations when assessing chest pain [2]. Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest…