…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible neuronal cell death starts within 5–6 minutes. Biological death usually…

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain…

…and cerebral involvement. Catecholamine excess and drug related presentations Severe hypertension may result from phaeochromocytoma, monoamine oxidase inhibitor crisis, cocaine intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure…

…g., vasovagal syncope) or with treatment (e.g., arrhythmias). Unconsciousness occurs within 10 seconds of cessation of cerebral blood flow. Agonal breathing : Deep, slow, irregular…

…rapidly with intravenous drugs. Restart or optimise oral treatment and ensure follow up. Rapid lowering can worsen cerebral, coronary and renal perfusion, particularly in patients…