…perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction may result from progression of peripheral arterial disease, cardiac or aortic embolisation, acute aortic dissection, thrombosis of a…

…stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque…

…recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form of arterial hyperplastic disease arising after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In contemporary practice…

…bacterial pericarditis Trauma Cardiac surgery and other iatrogenic cardiovascular procedures Acute aortic disease, particularly ascending or type A aortic dissection Myocardial free wall rupture after…

…mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and clinical concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has symptoms…

…atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism, dissection, coronary arteritis associated with systemic vasculitis…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…entry circuit. In the most common type of atrial flutter, the re entry loops around the tricuspid valve in a counter clockwise direction. This yields…

…When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays…