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Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women. Depression and anxiety are approximately twice as prevalent in…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…It is often accompanied by sweating, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, and a sense of impending doom. When pain begins during exertion, it does not usually subside…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the severity of withdrawal…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

Hypertensive crisis: drugs and doses

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and ECG Criteria

…environmental factors and genetic background. Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only…

Adenosine for tachyarrhythmias (AVNRT, AVRT, NCT)

…contraindication) . Irregular wide complex tachycardia is most often due to atrial fibrillation with wide QRS complexes due to bundle branch blocks or other conduction defects…

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