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Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Definition, Types, Diagnostics & Treatment

…Screening of family members is justified, including a 12 lead ECG, echocardiography, clinical examination and a pedigree. Studies show that approximately 30% of family members…

Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management

…syndrome – appeared to be hereditary, since many patients reported a family history of the same symptoms and events. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature was the…

Primary Aldosteronism: Screening and Management

…in the absence of an underlying structural cardiac explanation Early onset hypertension or cerebrovascular accident at a young age in the patient or family Hypertensive…

Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction

…ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes…

Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarction

…myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An…

Terminology of sudden cardiac arrest and resuscitation

…Use of synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock synchronized to the QRS complex). Typically used to treat atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other tachyarrhythmias…

Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices

…should be available within the recommended interval before elective surgery. In the absence of malfunction, a pacemaker should have been checked within the preceding 12…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

Physics of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET): Radiotracers, perfusion, blood flow and viability

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-waves

…R waves: R wave ≥0,04 s in V1 V2 and R/S ratio ≥1 with concordant positive T wave in absence of conduction defect…

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