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The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…abnormality in an ischaemic pattern. Identification of a coronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy, except in type 2 and type 3 MI. A diagnosis of…

Liver parameters

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

Coronary Anomalies and Myocardial Bridging

…amplify the abnormality through increased myocardial contractility and heart rate. Coronary compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…association with other procedural complications, including distal embolization, coronary dissection, perforation, and abrupt closure. The clinical consequences depend heavily on the amount of viable myocardium…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…Imaging is therefore typically performed during contrast injection or another method of temporary blood displacement. OCT is particularly useful for: characterizing the surface of atheroma…

Stress Echocardiography: Protocols and Interpretation

…of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise or pharmacological stress. The physiological basis is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood…

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

…cardiac abnormality Evidence such as increased left atrial size, left ventricular hypertrophy or abnormal LV filling supports the diagnosis Unlike HFpEF, objective evidence of structural…

The T-wave: physiology, variants and ECG features

…women, respectively, should be considered abnormal. A common cause of abnormally large T waves is hyperkalemia, which results in high, pointed and asymmetric T waves…

Premature ventricular contractions (premature ventricular complex, premature ventricular beats)

…a premature ventricular contraction. Classification of premature ventricular contractions When every other beat on the ECG is a premature ventricular complex (PVC), the rhythm is…

Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction

…ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes…

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