…other chapters, to which links are provided throughout the text. Heart rate During the first week of life, the heart rate is approximately 120 beats…

…does not imply low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial myocardial ischaemia, dynamic ECG abnormalities, myocardial necrosis, haemodynamic deterioration, heart failure, malignant arrhythmias…

…cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking…

…fistulae represent abnormal communications between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or vessel. Other congenital anomalies include anomalous origin of a coronary artery from…

…An ECG lead is a graphical description of the electrical activity of the heart and it is created by analyzing several electrodes. In other words…

…from structural or functional abnormalities of the coronary arteries or coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities can produce a transient and reversible mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand…

…Palpitations and awareness of an irregular or rapid heartbeat Dyspnoea and worsening pulmonary congestion Reduced exercise capacity Symptoms or signs of heart failure Haemodynamic instability…

…heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a J shaped association between…

…formal diagnosis of Type 2 MI. However, clinical presentations can be heterogeneous. In the context of acutely decompensated heart failure, shortness of breath is the…

…imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood supply. Stress increases myocardial oxygen requirements, principally through increased heart rate and contractility. In the presence of…