…interpretation in adults. The ECG must always be interpreted using a systematic approach in order to minimize the probability of missing significant abnormalities. The following…

…angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia. The first cellular abnormalities of ischaemia include depletion of glycogen…

…of myocardial necrosis, or severe ischaemia on stress testing. Such developments may convert an initially selective or delayed approach into an indication for angiography and…

…specific segments of the left ventricle that demonstrate abnormalities. These tools compare perfusion data to population based reference databases, often adjusted for sex and age…

…atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Definition and classification Coronary anomalies are congenital abnormalities involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They…

…definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and…

…X linked or other non autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance…

…Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions…

…low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone…