…left ventricular hypertrophy or abnormal LV filling supports the diagnosis Unlike HFpEF, objective evidence of structural or functional cardiac abnormality or raised natriuretic peptides is…

…the sinoatrial node) is a common finding in athletes and during sleep; in these scenarios, it should not be considered abnormal. On the other hand…

…Patients without haemodynamic instability require more detailed prognostic evaluation using two complementary domains: Indicators of acute PE severity , including clinical findings, RV dysfunction on imaging…

…ECG finding is the ST segment depressions. In STE ACS, on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the primary findings…

…assessment of myocardial regions in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is based on principles similar to those used in echocardiography. The 17 segment model of the…

…infarction Definition and pathophysiology Myocardial infarction (MI) is a clinical diagnosis that integrates myocardial injury, evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac biomarkers, imaging…

…pulmonary oedema, or evidence of coronary ischaemia. These findings determine the urgency and type of intervention. The assessment should also clarify: Whether AF is pre…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding…

…waves were present on previous recording, the amplitude must be increased in order to suggest ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia …