…remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

…principle of ultrasound imaging and echocardiography. Piezoelectric crystals The ultrasound waves are generated by ceramic crystals exhibiting piezoelectric properties (i.e piezoelectric crystals ). Thousands of…

…high spatial and temporal resolution. PET offers higher spatiotemporal quality, as compared with SPECT. Quantification of blood flow using PET Quantitative PET perfusion imaging offers…

…perfusion imaging can determine whether dysfunctional myocardium or myocardium supplied by a diseased vessel, is viable and could benefit from revascularization. Evaluating the success of…

…trabeculae and papillary muscles are considered part of the left ventricular cavity. Other dimensions– including atrial dimensions, mitral annulus, aortic annulus, etc –are measured using…

…assessment of stent expansion and apposition; recognition of edge dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombus, or other acute complications; investigation of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular imaging…

…typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and…

…high amplitude. This is due to the high density of myocardium. It follows that myocardium generates reflections with high amplitude and low Doppler shift. To…

…follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared with those with spontaneous dissection. Clinical manifestations may…