…or risk factors present An anticoagulant before cardioversion, or alternatively transoesophageal echocardiography. Cardioversion without preceding anticoagulation is reserved for CHA₂DS₂ VA 0–1 48 hours…

…undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or epicardial spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI…

…with risk increasing particularly after 70 years Male sex Previous upper gastrointestinal disease Hepatic or renal disease Multiple cardiovascular risk factors Concomitant nonsteroidal anti inflammatory…

…pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies across the clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal…

…hazards. For example, high HDL cholesterol levels appears to be beneficial, whereas triglyceride levels seem to be of little or no importance for atherosclerosis. When…

…smoking may be present despite relatively few other conventional atherosclerotic risk factors. A substantial proportion present with NSTEMI, although STEMI occurs in approximately one third…

…or combinations of these mechanisms. Drug selection can therefore be tailored to the suspected mechanism. No antianginal class has demonstrated consistent superiority for symptom relief…

…No single diagnostic test can distinguish a pharmacological SAMS effect from a nocebo response. Predisposing factors The likelihood of SAMS increases with higher statin doses…

…dynamic disease. The majority of individuals in high income countries have some degree of coronary atherosclerosis. Risk factors for atherosclerosis (e.g smoking, hypertension, diabetes…

…dynamic disease. The majority of individuals in high income countries have some degree of coronary atherosclerosis. Risk factors for atherosclerosis (e.g smoking, hypertension, diabetes…