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The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression). The term ST segment deviation refers to elevation and depression of the ST…

Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Outcomes

…the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause…

ACE Inhibitor Cough and Angioedema: Practical Management

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes and autonomic neuropathy…

Digoxin: Dosing, Therapeutic Range and Toxicity Management

…system and ventricular muscle are minimal, except in cases of toxic concentrations. In most patients, the sinus rate and P wave duration are minimally changed…

Amiodarone: Loading, Maintenance Dosing and Monitoring Schedule

…and incompletely absorbed after oral administration, with systemic bioavailability ranging from 25% to 65% and minimal hepatic first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be tolerated or when LDL C remains above goal despite maximally tolerated therapy. It is a prodrug activated…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis…

Inclisiran and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Agents

…reduction of approximately 50.5% when inclisiran was added to maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without other lipid lowering treatment. The durability of the…

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