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🟠 Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery pressure

…RVD 1), cm 2.0–2.8 2.9–3.3 3.4–3.8 3.9 Mid RV diameter (RVD 2), cm 2.7…

Anthropometric measurements

Referensvärden BMI is a population measure that performs poorly at the level of the individual: it does not distinguish muscle from fat and takes no…

🟠 Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography

…Tract (LVOT) Diameter Optimal View : Mid transgastric left ventricular short axis (LVSAX) view. Method : Zoom to maximize LVOT visibility. Freeze the image during mid ejection…

Cardiac amyloidosis

…drugs or repeated ablation procedures should raise suspicion, especially in patients in their mid 60s or older [10]. Physical examination may reveal a normal or…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…ultimately prevailed. The need for a standardized global definition led to early efforts by the World Health Organization in the mid 20th century, relying primarily…

Left Bundle Branch Block: ECG criteria and clinical implications

…130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching of the mid QRS in at least two left facing leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate…

Strain, strain rate and speckle tracking: Myocardial deformation

…is pulled towards the apex. Myocardial fibers in the middle layer (mid wall) are oriented circularly around the short axis. Contraction in this layer results…

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening and Surveillance

…The abdominal aorta may be palpable in the mid abdominal region, with its bifurcation usually located near the umbilicus and the fourth lumbar vertebral level…

ECG manifestations of left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion and critical stenosis

…and right posterolateral branch (RPLB, 16). The LMCA (5) bifurcates into the proximal (6), mid (7), and distal (8) LAD, with diagonal branches (D1, 9…

Heart failure: Causes, types, diagnosis, treatments & management

…HFPEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) and HFmrEF (heart failure with mid range ejection fraction) are relatively new entities and there are currently no…

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