…hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy. Numerous formulas have been developed to approximate ventricular mass. Most formulas are simple mathematical equations, included in all ultrasound systems, and assume…

…severity of stenoses and regurgitations, etc . These calculations are based on simple mathematical equations, which are based on hemodynamic principles. It is fundamental to be…

…speed , and direction . The underlying mathematical principles are simple and important to understand. Figure 2 illustrates the wavelength and amplitude of sine curves. Figure 2…

…thickness and load, such that greater wall thickness reduces the load on muscle fibers. The exact mathematical relationship between aortic pressure, ventricular volume, and wall…