…non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has guided clinical decision making for decades but carries several limitations, most notably its reliance on ST segment…

…structural and ischemic heart disease. Assessment of ischemia on ECG is difficult in the presence of left bundle branch block. This is because left bundle…

…haemodynamic instability, anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the…

…source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile, physical examination pattern or biomarker signature specific to CTOs. Evaluation and physical examination Evaluation should establish:…

…aged women. The condition is often under recognized or misdiagnosed, making accurate angiographic diagnosis particularly important. The precise initiating mechanism is incompletely defined. Several associations…

…trials, the field has transitioned from a predominantly pharmacological strategy to one that heavily integrates early catheter ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This…

…the diagnosis of HF Estimating disease severity and prognosis Contributing to longitudinal assessment and risk stratification They are useful in both acute and ambulatory presentations…

…ESC) Evidence based management/treatment. These 9 aspects are all necessary to become confident in ECG interpretation and making clinical decisions using the ECG. Interestingly…

…approximately 4–6 hours, making ALI a medical emergency in which prompt recognition, specialist assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction…

…Coronary angiography remains primarily an anatomical examination, whereas contemporary decision making increasingly combines anatomical imaging with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the…