…Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced…

…Heart failure Heart failure is a major public health problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced…

…for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications and overall cardiovascular risk influence whether medication is added…

…trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, aortic pseudoaneurysm and traumatic…

…a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies across the clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal, persistent, long standing persistent and…

…and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and…

…HAS BLED score is a widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation…

…1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient years) 0 Low 1.9 1 Low 2…

…major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of…

…or are there signs of ongoing major bleeding? 2. Is there cirrhosis, or another strong suspicion of portal hypertension? Variceal and ulcer bleeding are managed…