…when the FVC is low with a normal or high ratio. Reversibility: an increase in FEV₁ or FVC of 10 % of the predicted value after…

…pCO₂ Low Usually low Normal or raised Other Moderate work of breathing Accessory muscle use Cyanosis, exhaustion, hypotension or collapse The classification is based on…

…atrial fibrillation) if the block in the AV node is high grade. Causes of tachyarrhythmia with narrow QRS complexes (QRS duration < 0.12 s…

…classes. By acting on more than one pathophysiological pathway, combinations generally lower blood pressure more effectively than simply increasing the dose of a single drug…

…low grade systemic inflammation Insulin resistance Abnormal adipokine signalling Endothelial dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type…

…may therefore underestimate the ketosis early on and remain positive after the clinically relevant ketosis has resolved. Capillary measurement of beta hydroxybutyrate has high diagnostic…

…it provides a fairly good estimate of the actual workload. The perceived exertion may be graded from 0 (none) to 10 (maximal exertion) or according…

…Watts). Protocols for clinical exercise testing generally include an initial warm up period (at a low workload), followed by a successive (graded) increase in workload…

…low density lipoprotein and chylomicron remnants. It is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of…

…A narrow pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker of perfusion Lactate < 1.6…