…Treatment • No prior treatment, low dose, or low intensity lipid lowering therapy: • Start high potency, high dose statin therapy (Class I recommendation). • Immediate combination with…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Lipid lowering therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid lowering therapy may leave patients exposed to avoidable risk. Contemporary guidance therefore supports an…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role…

…dose: 21 mg/h iv. Common therapeutic dose: 4 6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum…

…dose: 21 mg/h iv. Common therapeutic dose: 4 6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum…

…Nutritional counselling, smoking cessation, blood pressure and lipid management, and diabetes care are therefore integral rather than optional components. Psychological and social factors also influence…

…neutrophil chemotaxis toward inflammatory sites. Its cardiovascular effects therefore appear to reflect modulation of vascular inflammation rather than lipid lowering. Other anti inflammatory strategies have…

…Calcified plaque is generally less likely to rupture than non calcified, lipid rich plaque. CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of the broader atherosclerotic process…

…Clinical Indications PCSK9 inhibitors are used as additional lipid lowering therapy in patients whose LDL C remains above the recommended goal despite maximally tolerated statin…

…and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status, body weight, smoking…

…coronary occlusion. Plaque rupture typically involves a thin, collagen poor fibrous cap overlying a large lipid core with many macrophages, resulting in a red, fibrin…

…vulnerable plaque” describes an atherosclerotic lesion thought to be susceptible to disruption and thrombosis. Typical features include a lipid rich core, a thin fibrous cap…

…dose: 21 mg/h iv. Common therapeutic dose: 4 6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum…

…of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by a thick fibrous cap and a small lipid core, the pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes…

…LDL C in many studies, although the relative advantage of apoB over non HDL C or standard lipid testing remains unsettled. In a large population…

…or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic, rare lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute coronary syndrome…

…concentrations while increasing the atherogenic index, a pattern described as the “lipid paradox.” High dose glucocorticoids may worsen dyslipidaemia. Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome…

…ASCVD develops. The clinical phenotype is driven principally by lifelong LDL C elevation and may be discovered through: Routine lipid testing showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A…

…to HTG. Reducing alcohol and carbohydrate intake, and considering a switch to antiretroviral agents with less adverse lipid effects, may improve triglyceride concentrations, provided viral…

…process compared with BMS. Neoatherosclerosis Neoatherosclerosis is a later pathological process in which lipid laden foamy macrophages accumulate within the neointima. It may be accompanied…

…acid delivery to the liver and reduces intrahepatic fatty acid oxidation. Triglyceride synthesis and hepatocellular lipid accumulation consequently increase, with variable inflammation and oxidative stress…