…a reflection of right atrial activation and the second half is a reflection of left atrial activation. This is shown in Figure 1 (upper panel)…

…of an upper limit for ventricular compliance. The greater the left ventricular compliance, the less steep the slope of the EDPVR curve, and vice versa…

…to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An ECG recording costs approximately $10 (10€) and may…

…and tends to worsen when the patient lies flat or moves [2], [5]. Localization: While often retrosternal, the pain may be localized to the left…

…left sided cardiac disease, chronic lung disease or hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic obstruction, or a range of miscellaneous conditions. Because several mechanisms may coexist, diagnosis and…

…and ascends in a caudocranial direction along the interatrial septum. The left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located…

…in the pulmonary circulation, which explains why the left ventricle is much larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure…

…muscle mass. If the rhythm is sinus rhythm (i.e under normal circumstances) the P wave vector is directed downwards and to the left in…

…in the pulmonary circulation, which explains why the left ventricle is much larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure…

…electrodes more proximally (closer to the trunk): leg electrodes are placed proximally on the thighs and arm electrodes are placed proximally on the upper arm…