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Introduction to Cardiac Pacing and Devices: Pacemaker, ICD, CRT

…the bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers, such that virtually all ventricular myocardium is activated (depolarized) simultaneously. The rapid activation of the ventricles yields…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…however, the gold standard for assessing right ventricular anatomy and function. Right ventricular dimensions and function must always be assessed. Left ventricular function, which may…

Mitral regurgitation

…for the posteromedial papillary muscle, which only receives blood supply from one coronary artery (Coronary arteries). Chronic myocardial ischemia may also lead to left ventricular…

Mitral valve stenosis

…valve The leaflets are connected to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae (Figure 1). The anterolateral papillary muscle receives blood supply from the left anterior…

Tricuspid stenosis

…for the assessment of tricuspid stenosis. Yet, there is no consensus regarding grading of tricuspid stenosis severity. Tricuspid stenosis is visually characterized by thickened leaflets…

Left ventricular diastolic function

…left ventricular compliance. The greater the compliance, the better the ability to relax and stretch out during diastole. During IVRT the pressure in the left…

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