…in previous sections. However, given that each arrhythmia has been addressed in isolation, distinguishing between them in clinical scenarios may remain challenging. Effective management of…

…cardiac specific troponin elevation above the 99th percentile. The clinical presentation should not be interpreted in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage depend on integration…

…is also greater when several predisposing factors coexist, rather than being determined by contrast exposure in isolation. Estimated glomerular filtration rate Reported estimates include a…

…pressure and lipid abnormalities. CAC should therefore be integrated with clinical assessment and established risk estimation systems rather than used in isolation. Test Performance and…

…hs cTn measurements. Troponin results should not be interpreted in isolation because myocardial injury is also encountered in non ACS cardiopulmonary disease. Patients with persistent…

…although the SYNTAX score is more widely used. Anatomical assessment should be integrated with clinical variables rather than applied in isolation. A multidisciplinary heart team…

…Plaque or thrombus may be dislodged by: Balloon inflation Atherectomy Stent implantation Manipulation of friable SVG lesions Embolic debris obstructs the distal microcirculation and may…

…the entire system must be replaced. Pacemaker leads and electrodes Pacemaker leads contain conductors wrapped in insulation (Figure 2). Most pacemakers utilize bipolar pacing (see…

…f r f u )] / [2·f u ·cos ϴ] Significance of the angle of insonation Doppler calculations are highly dependent on the angle of insonation…

…heart rate, ECG. References Narula et al: Time to Add a Fifth Pillar to Bedside Physical Examination: Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation, and Insonation. JAMA Cardiology.

…ultrasound transducer contains several components. The transducer contains acoustic insulation that ensures that no other sound waves affect the transducer. The crystals are supported by…